陆地是指地球表面未淹沒在液态水下的區域[1]。陸地約占地球表面的29%,面積約為1億4821萬平方公里[2]。陸地和海、洋或其他水體的不同之處為地表最基本的差異。人類歷史上大多數的活動都是在陸地發生,可以供人类进行農業、狩獵,和其他人類活動的陸地,往往也是早期人們聚集的地區。陸地生長的陸生植物及陆生动物,其型態和水生動植物也有一些差異。陸地和水體的分界也隨地區而不同,有些地區的地形以岩石為主,和水體就會有明確的分界。但有些地區的陸地和水體之間有濕地或沼澤,因此陸地和水體间不一定有明確的分界。陸地和海洋分界處一般稱為海岸帶[3]或是海灘。
歷史词源
陸地一詞最早出現在《管子》一書。《管子·山至数》:“故币乘马者,布币於国,币为一国陆地之数。谓之币乘马。”《汉书·货殖传》:“故曰陆地牧马二百蹏,牛千蹏角,千足羊,泽中千足彘,水居千石鱼波,山居千章之萩。” 明代袁可立《陈发兵出海之期疏》:“陆地抵复州三十里,盖州百八十里,水路抵盖则半日程。”明代徐光启 《农政全书》卷二五:“北方水源颇少,陆地沾湿处,宜种此稻。”[16]
分類参见
- 地壳
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- ^ Michael Allaby, Chris Park, A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (2013), page 239, ISBN 0199641668.
- ^ 三.地球的表面. 2007 [2008-12-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-15).
- ^ Nelson, Stephen A. Coastal Zones. 2007 [2008-12-11]. (原始内容存档于2013-03-16).
- ^ Bowring, S.; Housh, T. The Earth's early evolution. Science. 1995, 269 (5230): 1535–40. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1535B. PMID 7667634. doi:10.1126/science.7667634.
- ^ Morbidelli, A.; 等. Source regions and time scales for the delivery of water to Earth. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 2000, 35 (6): 1309–1320. Bibcode:2000M&PS...35.1309M. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x.
- ^ Guinan, E. F.; Ribas, I. Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate. Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan (编). ASP Conference Proceedings: The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Bibcode:2002ASPC..269...85G. ISBN 1-58381-109-5.
- ^ Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land (PDF). Biology Letters. 2010, 6 (4): 544–547 [2016-02-12]. PMC 2936204. PMID 20106856. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-11-06).
- ^ Rogers, John James William; Santosh, M. Continents and Supercontinents. Oxford University Press US. 2004: 48. ISBN 0-19-516589-6.
- ^ Hurley, P. M.; Rand, J. R. Pre-drift continental nuclei. Science. Jun 1969, 164 (3885): 1229–1242. Bibcode:1969Sci...164.1229H. PMID 17772560. doi:10.1126/science.164.3885.1229.
- ^ De Smet, J.; Van Den Berg, A.P.; Vlaar, N.J. Early formation and long-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle. Tectonophysics. 2000, 322 (1–2): 19. Bibcode:2000Tectp.322...19D. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00055-X.
- ^ Armstrong, R. L. A model for the evolution of strontium and lead isotopes in a dynamic earth. Reviews of Geophysics. 1968, 6 (2): 175–199. Bibcode:1968RvGSP...6..175A. doi:10.1029/RG006i002p00175.
- ^ Kleine, Thorsten; Palme, Herbert; Mezger, Klaus; Halliday, Alex N. Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon. Science. 2005-11-24, 310 (5754): 1671–1674. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1671K. PMID 16308422. doi:10.1126/science.1118842.
- ^ Hong, D.; Zhang, Jisheng; Wang, Tao; Wang, Shiguang; Xie, Xilin. Continental crustal growth and the supercontinental cycle: evidence from the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 2004, 23 (5): 799. Bibcode:2004JAESc..23..799H. doi:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00134-2.
- ^ Armstrong, R. L. The persistent myth of crustal growth. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1991, 38 (5): 613–630. Bibcode:1991AuJES..38..613A. doi:10.1080/08120099108727995.
- ^ Murphy, J. B.; Nance, R. D. How do supercontinents assemble?. American Scientist. 1965, 92 (4): 324–33 [2007-03-05]. doi:10.1511/2004.4.324. (原始内容存档于2007-07-13).
- ^ 汉语词典陸地. 2007 [2008-12-11]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-03).