2019冠状病毒病检测

2019冠状病毒病检测（英語：COVID-19 testing）是通過核酸、抗体或抗原（英语：Rapid antigen test）等分子检测（英语：Molecular diagnostics）手段^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]及胸腔CT断层成像等临床辅助手段，对人体是否感染2019冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）或患有2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）予以诊断。

2019冠状病毒病检测在2019冠状病毒病疫情中，对于及时诊断、救治患者^[1]^[2]^[5]^[6]^[7]，疫情监视与控制、恢复经济与正常生活^[3]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]，起着非常关键的作用，被认为是发现、切断传染链（德语：Infektkette）的决定性工具。^[15]^[16] 韩国^[17]^[18]与德国^[19]在疫情早期开始的广泛而卓有组织的检测、隔离和接触者追踪措施，被认为是其得以较为成功控制冠状病毒疫情的背后原因。由于病毒携带者可能的无症状感染以及目前有效疫苗或治疗方法方面的局限，充分的COVID-19检测、及时获得准确的检测结果，以及精确的接触者追踪、疫情监视、感染者隔离、控制传染源等公共卫生防护措施并配合保持社交距離与佩戴口罩（英语：Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic）等个人行为方式的改变（英语：Behavior change (public health)），是尽早解脱目前普遍的居家隔离（英语：Stay-at-home order）与出行限制（英语：COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns）、从经济衰退状态下安全重启经济的不可或缺的步骤。

COVID-19分子与血清检测

COVID-19分子与血清检测的三类方法

人体感染新冠病毒后呼吸道病毒载量及IgM、IgG抗体水平与时间关系的示意图^[20]

核酸检测及抗原检测的灵敏度和特异度很大程度上取决于呼吸道样品正确的采集方法和时机。采样类型包括：上呼吸道标本、下呼吸道标本（痰液、气道抽取物、肺泡灌洗液）、血液、粪便、尿液和结膜分泌物等。^[41] 对门诊患者或初期病毒检测，应优先采集上呼吸道样本(鼻腔、喉咙等处取样)^[42]^[43] ；对较严重的呼吸道疾病患者优先采集下呼吸道样本（气管内抽吸或支气管肺泡灌洗）^[43]。

鼻咽拭子

上呼吸道採集樣本方法包括:
- 唾液^[44]（包括深喉唾液^[45]）
- 拭子检测法
  - 鼻咽拭子（鼻腔取样；較準確，程序較危險，需全套保護）^[46]
  - 咽喉拭子（喉咙取样；採集時，應避免接觸到唇、齒、舌、软颚）^[47]
  - 肛拭子（肛门取样；为提高新冠肺炎感染检出的阳性率和准确率，肛拭子检测法也成为病毒检测的采样方法之一^[48]^[49]）
其中较新的唾液采样方法可由被检测者自己完成，更为快捷、安全。^[44]

COVID-19确诊方法

分子检测确诊方法

图为美国疾控中心的SARS-CoV-2病毒检测盒

针对感染SARS-CoV-2的病例，需要实时荧光RT-PCR检测病毒核酸呈阳性才能完全确诊。但是在临床实践中，不排除测试结果呈虚假的反应的可能出现，应结合流行病学接触史和临床特点进行综合分析。^[50]这些确诊手段不影响对患有相关症状的病患由医院进行标准的诊断和治疗，确诊为病毒携带者后再会被送至定点医院进行定向治疗。^[50]^[51]對感染新型冠狀病毒的疑似病例進行確診必須採集相關樣本，实时荧光RT-PCR检测新型冠状病毒核酸阳性者可以确诊。在對呼吸道樣本或血液樣本進行病毒基因測序後，若與已知的新型冠狀病毒高度同源，即為確診病例。^[52]若無法透過RT-PCR確診，則臨床上疑似病例須結合流行病學接觸史和影像學檢查结果等臨床特点綜合分析。^[52]

RT-PCR

RT-PCR测试是现有的对SARS-CoV-2病毒进行检测的主流方式。^[50]^[53]有研究从效率和成本上就这类方式提出其他替代方式，且指出在临床实践中RT-PCR测试针对SARS-CoV-2的劣势。^[54]^[55]在COVID-19患者感染后期，医护人员采用RT-PCR测试复核症状消退的患者是否消除体内病毒。有研究发现有些患者依然存在弥漫性肺泡损伤，其中主要浸润的免疫细胞只有CD68⁺ 巨噬细胞、CD20⁺ B细胞以及CD8⁺ T细胞。^[54]因此，尽管利用鼻拭子样本进行的测序显示为阴性，可在病患的肺部组织中发现残留的病毒存在。这一发现建议，针对患者应当更多使用支气管肺泡灌洗液为样本来做PCR，并对已出院的患者跟踪检查。^[54]

针对RNA病毒，北京大学和清华大学的研究者联合发表了一种新型确认病人感染新型冠状病毒的测序手段SHERRY。这种手段透過基于Tn5转座酶的转录组测序，相比传统的smart-seq2技术有更好的效率，减少了样本的需求量。新型冠状病毒是SHERRY首次在临床上进行应用的对象。^[56]

2020年3月12日，瑞士制药罗氏公司宣布该公司基于核酸检测的商业化检测方法得到了美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）的紧急使用授权（英语：Emergency Use Authorization）^[57]。该测试可以在全自动设备上大量进行，极大地提高了检测效率。罗氏表示，利用该公司的cobas 6800&8000分子测试系统，可以在24小时之内检测分别检测1440，4128个样本。^[58]

CRISPR

针对SARS-CoV-2常用的检测手段为RT-PCR。^[59]有研究认为，现在主要的qRT-PCR检测耗时从获取样本到得出结果超过24小时，因此试图利用CRISPR技术在实践中提供更快的检测。^[60]这一研究中开发的DETECTR检测技术基于Cas12蛋白，由于其试剂的便携性认为可以用于在实验室外的地方以提高效率。^[60]

影像学检测

对患者使用胸腔断层扫描检查，可观察到影像学异常。早期患者的肺部会呈现多发小斑片影及间质改变，以肺外带明显。经发展后，肺炎患者被观察到双肺多发毛玻璃狀病變（英语：Ground-glass opacity）、浸润影。严重者则会进一步发展为次节叶或大叶性肺实变（英语：Pulmonary consolidation）影像表现，胸腔积液少见^[61]。有一部分的病人，可能在逆轉錄聚合酶鏈式反應測試（RT-PCR）陰性的情形下，在電腦斷層上卻出現早期典型的肺實變^[62]。

胸部電腦斷層

在胸部電腦斷層的檢查中，可能有三種較常見的表現，分別為：^[63]

雙側周邊為主的毛玻璃狀病變：約90%^[63]
肺部血管增厚（Vascular Thickening）：約59%^[63]
網狀陰影變化（Fine Reticular Opacity）：約56%^[63]

以下三種表現在COVID-19較為少見表現，需考慮其他肺炎可能性：^[63]

淋巴結腫大（英语：Lymphadenopathy）：約3%^[63]
肋膜積水（英语：Pleural effusion）：約4%^[63]
以中心周邊為主的影像變化：約14%^[63]
胸膜增厚：約15%^[63]

典型的X射线计算机断层成像(CT扫描成像)发现

在快速进展阶段的X射线计算机断层成像(CT扫描成像)

相关数据

各国检测相关数据

应用抗体检测与核酸检测对美国COVID-19患者数目的估计

美国疾病控制与预防中心官员依据抗体检测（英语：Serology#Serological_tests）数据估计，截至2020年6月美国正在或曾经罹患COVID-19患者可能达到两千万人，约十倍于经由核酸检测确诊的官方数字（230万至240万之间）^[64]。但新冠病毒抗体检测的阳性也有一定可能是由普通感冒病毒与新冠抗体的交叉反应（英语：cross-reactivity）引起^[37]。

各国次级行政区检测数据

次级行政区

检测数

时间

广东省

24930000

累计截至8月5日^[65]

湖北省

6393436

累计截至5月17日^[66]

武汉市

9899828

5月14日至6月1日^[67]

北京市

11880000

6月11日至7月14日^{2019冠状病毒病#检测
Development of COVID-19 tests（英语：Development of COVID-19 tests）
2019冠状病毒病监视
接觸者追蹤
2019冠状病毒病呼吸检测器（英语：Coronavirus breathalyzer）
COVID-19检测相关的资源短缺（英语：Shortages related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic#Tests）
Template:COVID-19 testing by country（英语：Template:COVID-19 testing by country）
Template:COVID-19 testing by country subdivision（英语：Template:COVID-19 testing by country subdivision）
COVID-19 testing in the United States（英语：COVID-19 testing in the United States）
2019冠状病毒病美国疫情相关争议#诊断标准过高 ^[69]^[16]
医学检测（英语：Medical test）
病毒疾病检测（英语：Viral_disease_testing#COVID_19）
病毒感染的实验室诊断方法（英语：Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections）
疾病篩檢
临床即时检测（英语：Point-of-care testing）
唾液检测（英语：Saliva testing）
COVID-19样本池合并检测法（英语：COVID-19_testing#Pooled_testing）^[70]
靈敏度和特異度、偽陽性和偽陰性
分子检测（英语：Molecular diagnostics）
核酸檢測
逆轉錄聚合酶鏈式反應
聚合酶链式反应的变体（英语：Variants of PCR）
火眼實驗室
CRISPR
快速抗原检测（英语：Rapid antigen test）
血清（抗体）检测（英语：Serology#Serological tests）
免疫分析
酶联免疫吸附试验
快速診斷測試
流感快篩
医学成像
计算机体层成像
影像诊断学
延伸阅读

Habibzadeh, Parham; Mofatteh, Mohammad; Silawi, Mohammad; Ghavami, Saeid; Faghihi, Mohammad Ali.

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^ Lamb, Laura E.; Bartolone, Sarah N.; Ward, Elijah; Chancellor, Michael B. Rapid Detection of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) by Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. medRxiv. 2020-02-24: 2020.02.19.20025155 [2020-04-30]. doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.20025155. （原始内容存档于2020-04-30）（英语）.

^ Di, Lin; Fu, Yusi; Sun, Yue; Li, Jie; Liu, Lu; Yao, Jiacheng; Wang, Guanbo; Wu, Yalei; Lao, Kaiqin. RNA sequencing by direct tagmentation of RNA/DNA hybrids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020-02-11, 117 (6): 2886–2893 [2021-01-20]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 31988135. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919800117. （原始内容存档于2021-01-23）（英语）.

^ FDA Emergency Use Authorizations coronavirus2019. Diagnostics. [2020-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-28）（美国英语）.

^ Roche Diagnostids. diagnostics.roche.com. [2020-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-21）.

^ Wang, Wenling; Xu, Yanli; Gao, Ruqin; Lu, Roujian; Han, Kai; Wu, Guizhen; Tan, Wenjie. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA. 2020-03-11 [2020-04-21]. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 7066521 . PMID 32159775. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3786. （原始内容存档于2020-04-21）（英语）. 引文格式1维护：PMC格式 (link)

^ ^60.0 ^60.1 Broughton, James P.; Deng, Xianding; Yu, Guixia; Fasching, Clare L.; Servellita, Venice; Singh, Jasmeet; Miao, Xin; Streithorst, Jessica A.; Granados, Andrea. CRISPR–Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Biotechnology. 2020-07, 38 (7): 870–874 [2020-04-21]. ISSN 1546-1696. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0513-4. （原始内容存档于2020-04-20）（英语）.

^ 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案（试行第五版）. 2020-02-05. ^{[永久失效連結]}

^ Huang, Peikai; Liu, Tianzhu; Huang, Lesheng; Liu, Hailong; Lei, Ming; Xu, Wangdong; Hu, Xiaolu; Chen, Jun; Liu, Bo. Use of Chest CT in Combination with Negative RT-PCR Assay for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus but High Clinical Suspicion. Radiology. 2020-02-12, 295 (1): 22–23 [2020-04-03]. ISSN 0033-8419. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200330. （原始内容存档于2020-04-03）.

^ ^63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 ^63.3 ^63.4 ^63.5 ^63.6 ^63.7 ^63.8 Bai, Harrison X.; Hsieh, Ben; Xiong, Zeng; Halsey, Kasey; Choi, Ji Whae; Tran, Thi My Linh; Pan, Ian; Shi, Lin-Bo; Wang, Dong-Cui. Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT. Radiology. 2020-03-10: 200823 [2020-04-03]. ISSN 0033-8419. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200823. （原始内容存档于2020-04-03）.

^ Reuters: Coronavirus may have infected 10 times more Americans than reported, CDC says. [2020-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28）.

^ 广州排查高风险国家在穗4355人，均已做核酸检测纳入管理. 澎湃新闻. [2020-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-22）.

^ 湖北省累计核酸检测超639万人次无症状感染者检出率持续降低. 中国政府网. [2020-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-05）.

^ 武汉核酸检测近990万人检出300名无症状感染者. 新华网. [2020-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-03）.

^ 北京：全市累计核酸检测已达1188万人. 新华网. [2020-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-11）.

^ Resnick, Brian. "It’s like we’re flying blind": The US has a Covid-19 data problem. Vox. 2020-08-05 [2021-10-20] （英语）.

^ FDA Authorizes Quest Diagnostics COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing for Specimen Pooling for Emergency Use. Quest Diagnostics Newsroom. [2021-10-20] （美国英语）.

外部链接

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：2019冠状病毒病检测
CDC: Testing for COVID-19（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
SARS-CoV-2 Viral Mutations: Impact on COVID-19 Tests
WHO：严重急性呼吸综合征-冠状病毒-2(SARS-CoV-2)的诊断检测，临时指导文件，2020年9月11日
澎湃号：中美确诊标准有何区别？（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security:
Molecular-based Tests for COVID-19（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Serology-based tests for COVID-19（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Statistics and Research: Coronavirus (COVID-19) Testing（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

CS1英语来源 (en)
CS1美国英语来源 (en-us)
引文格式1维护：PMC格式
自2020年4月带有失效链接的条目
条目有永久失效的外部链接
包含医学声明的条目
使用多个图像且自动缩放的页面
醫學檢驗
2019冠状病毒病}

[nature20200323-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Sheridan, Cormac. Fast, portable tests come online to curb coronavirus pandemic. Nature Biotechnology. 2020-03-23 [2020-03-25]. doi:10.1038/d41587-020-00010-2. （原始内容存档于2020-03-24）.

[who20200306-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans. www.who.int. [6 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-31）.

[smithsonian20200407-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Breaking Down the Two Tests That Could Help Contain the COVID-19 Pandemic: One detects an active infection; another signals that the virus has already left the body. Both are critical for tracking the spread of disease. Smithsonian Magazine. 2020-04-07 [2020-04-08]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-08）.

[nature20201105-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Sheridan, Cormac. Coronavirus testing finally gathers speed. Nature Biotechnology. 2020-11-05. doi:10.1038/d41587-020-00021-z （英语）.

[5] Cohen, Jon; Kupferschmidt, Kai. Countries test tactics in 'war' against COVID-19. Science. 2020-03-20, 367 (6484): 1287–1288 [2020-03-20]. PMID 32193299. doi:10.1126/science.367.6484.1287. （原始内容存档于2020-03-20）.

[6] 全球遭遇新冠检测难题，多国专家联合支招. [2020-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-18）.

[wired20200316-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Everything You Need to Know About Coronavirus Testing: How it works, why we need it, and why it's taking so damn long for the US to get people diagnosed. www.wired.com. [2020-03-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-26）.

[8] The lost month: How a failure to test blinded the U.S. to COVID-19. The Seattle Times. 2020-03-28.

[9] To End The Coronavirus Crisis We Need Widespread Testing, Experts Say. NPR. 2020-03-24 [2020-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-08）.

[sdut20200925-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Fast COVID-19 test by San Diego's Quidel comes up big in saving Pac-12 football. [2020-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-02）.

[guardian20200928-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Covid-19 tests that give results in minutes to be rolled out across world. the Guardian. 2020-09-28 [2021-10-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）（英语）.

[12] The case for airport coronavirus testing, and why it matters. [2020-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-27）.

[13] Testing in a Pandemic — Improving Access, Coordination, and Prioritization

[14] Here Is Why Diagnostic Tests Are As Important As Vaccines When It Comes To Stopping Covid In The U.S.

[wsj20201009-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Pancevski, Bojan. As Covid-19 Cases Surge, Europe Turns to New Testing Methods. Wall Street Journal. 2020-10-09 [2021-10-20]. ISSN 0099-9660. （原始内容存档于2020-12-13）（美国英语）.

[stat20210123-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 The day we let Covid-19 spin out of control. [2021-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-24）.

[17] Coronavirus cases have dropped sharply in South Korea. What's the secret to its success?. Science. 2020-03-17 [2020-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-20）.

[18] Experts Credit South Korea's Extensive Testing For Curbing Coronavirus Spread. NPR.org. [2020-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-13）.

[19] Pass the salt: The minute details that helped Germany build virus defences. Reuters. 2020-04-09 [2021-10-20] （英语）.

[20] Siouxsie Wiles & Toby Morris: What we don't know about Covid-19. The Spinoff. 6 May 2020 [6 May 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-22）.

[cnn_test_types-21] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 What to know about the three main types of coronavirus tests. CNN. 29 April 2020 [30 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-10）.

[22] Abbott Launches 5-Minute COVID-19 Isothermal Point-of-Care Test. [2021-10-20] （美国英语）.

[23] 5分钟！FDA紧急使用授权批准雅培COVID-19即时检测！-MedSci.cn. www.medsci.cn. [2021-10-20].

[24] Coronavirus Testing Hampered by Disarray, Shortages, Backlogs. Wall Street Journal. 2020-04-19 [2020-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-19）.

[25] 5分钟出新冠检测结果…美国这个“黑科技”靠谱吗？. 新浪网. 2020-04-24.

[26] Performance of the rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification by Abbott ID NOW COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swabs transported in viral media and dry nasal swabs, in a New York City academic institution. [2020-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-14）.

[27] False Negatives Raise More Questions About Virus Test Accuracy. Bloomberg.com. 2020-05-13 [2021-10-20] （英语）.

[28] FDA Cautions About Accuracy Of Widely Used Abbott Coronavirus Test. [2020-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-16）.

[29] Symptom-Based Strategy to Discontinue Isolation for Persons with COVID-19 (2020) referenced Xiao, Ai Tang; Tong, Yi Xin; Zhang, Sheng. Profile of RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: A Preliminary Study From 56 COVID-19 Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020-11-19, 71 (16): 2249–2251. ISSN 1058-4838. PMC 7188124 . PMID 32306036. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa460 （英语）. 引文格式1维护：PMC格式 (link)

[geneonlinedelta-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Delta 變種病毒來勢洶洶！臺灣準備好了嗎？. GeneOnline News. 2021-08-26 [2021-10-20] （中文（臺灣））.

[theverge20200509-31] 31.0 ^31.1 FDA authorizes rapid COVID 19 antigen test: The test is quicker than PCR tests but has a high rate of false negatives. [2020-05-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-10）.

[32] Abbott wins U.S. authorization for $5 rapid COVID-19 antigen test. Reuters. 2020-08-26 [2021-10-20] （英语）.

[33] Accuracy Concerns Continue to Surround Rapid Antigen Tests for COVID-19. [2020-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-03）.

[34] Covid-19: Innova lateral flow test is not fit for “test and release” strategy, say experts. [2020-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-13）.

[35] Public Health Officials Pursue Covid-19 Tests That Trade Precision for Speed. [2020-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-09）.

[nih20200625-36] 36.0 ^36.1 Deeks, Jonathan J.; Dinnes, Jacqueline; Takwoingi, Yemisi; Davenport, Clare; Spijker, René; Taylor-Phillips, Sian; Adriano, Ada; Beese, Sophie; Dretzke, Janine; Ferrante di Ruffano, Lavinia; Harris, Isobel M. Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. June 25, 2020, 6: CD013652. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 32584464. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013652.

[idsa202005-37] 37.0 ^37.1 ^37.2 IDSA COVID-19 Antibody Testing Primer Updated: May 4 (PDF). [2020-11-27]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-12-11）.

[38] Prepandemic coronavirus antibodies may react to COVID-19. [2021-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-04）.

[wired20200325-39] Researchers Push for Mass Blood Tests as a Covid-19 Strategy. www.wired.com. [2020-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-27）.

[40] The next frontier in coronavirus testing: Identifying the full scope of the pandemic, not just individual infections. STAT. 27 March 2020 [30 April 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-29）.

[41] 新冠肺炎防治手册：病原学与炎症指标检查 (PDF). [2020-10-01]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-10）.

[CDC_2019-nCov-42] CDC: Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens for COVID-19. [2020-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-04）.

[WHO-2019-nCoV-43] 43.0 ^43.1 WHO: 利用全球流感监测和应对系统监测COVID-19的操作注意事项 (PDF). [2020-06-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-10）.

[yale202008-44] 44.0 ^44.1 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Emergency Use Authorization to Yale School of Public Health for SalivaDirect, Which Uses a New Method of Saliva Sample Processing. [2020-08-16]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-16）.

[45] 【健康碼】粵港澳互認健康碼將公布惟三地核酸檢測收費相差近5至7倍（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. HKET. 2020-06-12

[46] 新型冠狀病毒測試服務（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. 香港中文大學醫務中心

[47] COVID-19 Diagnostics: Performing a Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Swab, [2021-10-20] （中文（中国大陆））

[48] 为啥核酸采样要增加肛拭子网友表示：羞涩了……_媒体_澎湃新闻-The Paper. www.thepaper.cn. [2021-01-24].

[49] 听说要查“肛拭子”，网友表示：还是不回家过年了！_腾讯新闻. new.qq.com. [2021-01-24].

[诊疗v7-50] 50.0 ^50.1 ^50.2 关于印发新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第七版）的通知. 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委办公厅. [2020-03-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-16）.

[51] Zhang, Jinnong; Zhou, Luqian; Yang, Yuqiong; Peng, Wei; Wang, Wenjing; Chen, Xuelin. Therapeutic and triage strategies for 2019 novel coronavirus disease in fever clinics. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020-03-01, 8 (3): e11–e12. ISSN 2213-2600. PMID 32061335. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30071-0 （英语）.

[诊疗v4-52] 52.0 ^52.1 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案（试行第四版）. 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. [2020-01-27].

[网站34-53] Guidance | Lab | Diagnostic Assays in Community Preparedness and Response | CDC. CDC. 2019-02-08 [2020-04-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-30）（美国英语）.

[期刊190-54] 54.0 ^54.1 ^54.2 Yao, Xiao-Hong; He, Zhi-Cheng; Li, Ting-Yuan; Zhang, Hua-Rong; Wang, Yan; Mou, Huaming; Guo, Qiaonan; Yu, Shi-Cang; Ding, Yanqing. Pathological evidence for residual SARS-CoV-2 in pulmonary tissues of a ready-for-discharge patient. Cell Research. 2020-06, 30 (6): 541–543 [2021-02-01]. ISSN 1748-7838. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0318-5. （原始内容存档于2020-04-30）（英语）.

[期刊197-55] Lamb, Laura E.; Bartolone, Sarah N.; Ward, Elijah; Chancellor, Michael B. Rapid Detection of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) by Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. medRxiv. 2020-02-24: 2020.02.19.20025155 [2020-04-30]. doi:10.1101/2020.02.19.20025155. （原始内容存档于2020-04-30）（英语）.

[期刊18-56] Di, Lin; Fu, Yusi; Sun, Yue; Li, Jie; Liu, Lu; Yao, Jiacheng; Wang, Guanbo; Wu, Yalei; Lao, Kaiqin. RNA sequencing by direct tagmentation of RNA/DNA hybrids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020-02-11, 117 (6): 2886–2893 [2021-01-20]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 31988135. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919800117. （原始内容存档于2021-01-23）（英语）.

[57] FDA Emergency Use Authorizations coronavirus2019. Diagnostics. [2020-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-28）（美国英语）.

[58] Roche Diagnostids. diagnostics.roche.com. [2020-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-21）.

[期刊143-59] Wang, Wenling; Xu, Yanli; Gao, Ruqin; Lu, Roujian; Han, Kai; Wu, Guizhen; Tan, Wenjie. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA. 2020-03-11 [2020-04-21]. ISSN 0098-7484. PMC 7066521 . PMID 32159775. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3786. （原始内容存档于2020-04-21）（英语）. 引文格式1维护：PMC格式 (link)

[期刊144-60] 60.0 ^60.1 Broughton, James P.; Deng, Xianding; Yu, Guixia; Fasching, Clare L.; Servellita, Venice; Singh, Jasmeet; Miao, Xin; Streithorst, Jessica A.; Granados, Andrea. CRISPR–Cas12-based detection of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Biotechnology. 2020-07, 38 (7): 870–874 [2020-04-21]. ISSN 1546-1696. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0513-4. （原始内容存档于2020-04-20）（英语）.

[:3-61] 新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案（试行第五版）. 2020-02-05. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[62] Huang, Peikai; Liu, Tianzhu; Huang, Lesheng; Liu, Hailong; Lei, Ming; Xu, Wangdong; Hu, Xiaolu; Chen, Jun; Liu, Bo. Use of Chest CT in Combination with Negative RT-PCR Assay for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus but High Clinical Suspicion. Radiology. 2020-02-12, 295 (1): 22–23 [2020-04-03]. ISSN 0033-8419. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200330. （原始内容存档于2020-04-03）.

[:5-63] 63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 ^63.3 ^63.4 ^63.5 ^63.6 ^63.7 ^63.8 Bai, Harrison X.; Hsieh, Ben; Xiong, Zeng; Halsey, Kasey; Choi, Ji Whae; Tran, Thi My Linh; Pan, Ian; Shi, Lin-Bo; Wang, Dong-Cui. Performance of radiologists in differentiating COVID-19 from viral pneumonia on chest CT. Radiology. 2020-03-10: 200823 [2020-04-03]. ISSN 0033-8419. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200823. （原始内容存档于2020-04-03）.

[64] Reuters: Coronavirus may have infected 10 times more Americans than reported, CDC says. [2020-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28）.

[65] 广州排查高风险国家在穗4355人，均已做核酸检测纳入管理. 澎湃新闻. [2020-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-22）.

[66] 湖北省累计核酸检测超639万人次无症状感染者检出率持续降低. 中国政府网. [2020-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-05）.

[67] 武汉核酸检测近990万人检出300名无症状感染者. 新华网. [2020-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-03）.

[68] 北京：全市累计核酸检测已达1188万人. 新华网. [2020-10-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-11）.

[69] Resnick, Brian. "It’s like we’re flying blind": The US has a Covid-19 data problem. Vox. 2020-08-05 [2021-10-20] （英语）.

[70] FDA Authorizes Quest Diagnostics COVID-19 Diagnostic Testing for Specimen Pooling for Emergency Use. Quest Diagnostics Newsroom. [2021-10-20] （美国英语）.

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2019冠状病毒病#检测

Development of COVID-19 tests

Development of COVID-19 tests

2019冠状病毒病监视

接觸者追蹤

2019冠状病毒病呼吸检测器

Coronavirus breathalyzer

COVID-19检测相关的资源短缺

Shortages related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic#Tests

Template:COVID-19 testing by country

Template:COVID-19 testing by country

Template:COVID-19 testing by country subdivision

Template:COVID-19 testing by country subdivision

COVID-19 testing in the United States

COVID-19 testing in the United States

2019冠状病毒病美国疫情相关争议#诊断标准过高

[69]

医学检测

Medical test

病毒疾病检测

Viral_disease_testing#COVID_19

病毒感染的实验室诊断方法

Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections

疾病篩檢

临床即时检测

Point-of-care testing

唾液检测

Saliva testing

COVID-19样本池合并检测法

COVID-19_testing#Pooled_testing

[70]

靈敏度和特異度

偽陽性和偽陰性

分子检测

Molecular diagnostics

核酸檢測

逆轉錄聚合酶鏈式反應

聚合酶链式反应的变体

Variants of PCR

火眼實驗室

CRISPR

快速抗原检测

Rapid antigen test

血清（抗体）检测

Serology#Serological tests

免疫分析

酶联免疫吸附试验

快速診斷測試

流感快篩

医学成像

计算机体层成像

影像诊断学